Exercise vs. Diet in Weight Loss Essay Example for Free

Exercise vs. Diet in Weight Loss Essay INTRODUCTION It is estimated that 55% of the adult population in the United States are either obese or overweight (National Institutes of Health, National Heart Lung, and Blood Institute, 1998). Obesity substantially increases an individual’s risk of suffering from chronic diseases such as hypertension, coronary artery disease, and diabetes. Those with excess fat in the abdominal area are at increased health risk (National Institutes of Health, National Heart Lung, and Blood Institute). In an attempt to define the role of exercise in the treatment and prevention of obesity, the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) held a scientific roundtable to address this subject. Following the meeting, several consensus statements regarding physical activity and public health were released. Two statements are of particular interest to the applied exercise professional. The first statement declares that the addition of exercise to a diet with restricted caloric intake promotes fat loss, while maintaining fat free mass. The second statement claims that physical activity, without caloric restriction, minimally if at all affects fat loss. The statements suggest that to optimize weight loss, a combination of diet and exercise is best, and that exercise alone will not suffice. Although it is well established that a regimen of diet and exercise is the best way to control body weight, a recent review by Ross, Freeman, and Janssen (2000) challenges ACSM’s statement that exercise alone is not an effective method of weight loss. This review suggests that the studies this statement was based upon do not effectively compare caloric restricting programs to increased energy expenditure programs. They conclude that if these factors were equal, exercise alone can be as effective as caloric restriction for weight loss. The purpose of this article is to present Ross et al.’s argument contrasting the ACSM consensus statement. EXERCISE VS. CALORIC RESTRICTION In their review, Ross et al. (2000) report that few randomized control trials equally compare diet only to exercise only weight loss programs. For example, in a twelve-week study, Hagan, Wong, and Whittam (1986) compared the amount of weight lost through diet only to the amount of weight lost through an exercise program. The obese women and men in the diet only group (n=24) that reduced their caloric intake lost 5.5 kg and 8.4 kg, respectively. To achieve this degree of weight loss, women decreased their average caloric intake by 945 kilocalories a day while the men decreased their average intake by 1705 kilocalories a day. The exercise only group (n = 24 obese men and women), performed a 30-minute walk/jog program 5 days/week. On average, the women expended 190 kilocalories per session while the men expended an average of 255 kilocalories per session, which resulted in a total weight loss of .6 kg and .3 kg for women and men, respectively. The women in the diet only program decreased their body fat from 35% to 29%, where as the women doing exercise only went from 35% to 33% body fat. Additionally, the men in the diet only group decreased body fat from 26% to 21% where as the exercise only group experienced no change in their body fat. This study clearly illustrates that weight loss through diet only was not equated to energy expenditure through exercise only. Therefore, equal amounts of weight loss should not be expected. In contrast, Sopko et al. (1985) in a twelve-week study, with obese men, reported that when the negative energy balance created by diet only and exercise only are equal, the two treatments produce similar results. The participants in the diet only group (n=10) experienced a weight loss of 6.1kg by restricting their caloric intake 500 kcal/day. The exercise only group (n=6) lost 6.2 kg by performing a treadmill walking program in which they expended 500 kcal/day. The men in the diet only group went from a body fat of 31.4% to 25%, where as the exercise only group went from 26.7% to 19%. These results show that equivalent amounts of weight loss can be obtained when the energy expenditure from exercise is similar to the amount of calories restricted through diet. This is contrary to the results of Hagan et. al., as well as the ACSM consensus statement that exercise without caloric restriction minimally affects weight loss. Table 1 summarizes some diet versus exercise weight management studies, further validating when energy expenditure is matched, weight loss is similar. EXERCISE WITHOUT WEIGHT LOSS: THE HEALTH CONNECTION Excess fat in the abdominal area independently increases an individual’s risk of insulin resistance and high blood lipids. This distribution of body fat is also a strong predictor of cardiovascular disease (Grundy et al., 1999, National Institutes of Health, National Heart Lung, and Blood Institute, 1998). It has been shown that weight management programs resulting in a loss of total body fat also reduce a person’s amount of abdominal fat. This loss of abdominal fat is associated with a decreased risk of cardiovascular disease. However, it has been shown that exercising individuals, who do not experience any overall weight loss still decrease their risk of suffering from cardiovascular disease (Ross Janssen, 1999). The current research suggests that exercise without weight loss is actually linked to reductions in visceral fat (Ross Janssen 1999). In two similar studies, Ross et al. (2000) and Sopko et al. (1985) showed that exercisers who did not lose weight experienced improved insulin sensitivity and an increase in their ‘helpful’ HDL cholesterol. These findings are important because in the event that weight loss is not achieved, a person who is at increased risk of coronary artery disease (CAD), or its comorbid conditions (i.e., high blood pressure, glucose intolerance, insulin resistance), still benefits from regular aerobic exercise participation. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS The applications from this review article are consequential to the personal trainer and fitness professional for two important reasons. It is well established that exercise and diet modification is the best method for weight loss. However, Ross and colleagues and Sopko and associates also show the efficacy and worth of exercise only programs for promoting weight loss (in overweight and obese populations). Also, from a health perspective it is quite meaningful to emphasize that aerobic exercise independently decreases the risk of CAD and related comobidites. For health benefits, Ross et al. (2000) confirm established recommendations of regular, moderate-intensity physical activity, such as brisk walking, for 30 to 60 minutes on most days of the week. The also suggest that â€Å"substantial reductions in obesity and related comorbid conditions will result when daily exercise is performed at a moderate intensity for 45 to 60 minutes a day without deceasing caloric intake.† However, since most of this health benefits research has been done in predominantly male populations, more research is needed with overweight and obese female populations to validate these benefits in women. References: Grundy, S.M., G. Blackburn, M. Higgins, R. Lauer, M. Perri, D. Ryan. Roundtable Consensus Statement: Physical activity in the prevention and treatment of obesity and its comorbidities. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 31: S502-S508, 1999. Hagan, R.D., S.J. Upton, L. Wong, and J. Whittam. The effects of aerobic conditioning and/or caloric restriction in overweight men and women. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 18:87-94, 1986. National Institutes of Health, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Clinical Guidelines on the Identification, Evaluation, and Treatment of Overweight and Obesity in Adults: The Evidence Report. Obes. Res. 6(Suppl 2), 1998. Pate, R.R., M. Pratt, S.N. Blair, W.L. Haskell, C.A. Macera, C. Bouchard, D. Buchner, W. Ettinger, G.W. Heath, A.C. King, et al. Physical activity and public health. A recommendation for the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American College of Sports Medicine. JAMA. 273:402-407, 1995. Ross, R., D. Dagnone, P.J.H. Jones, H. Smith, A. Paddags, R. Hudson and I. Janssen. Reduction in obesity and related comorbid conditions after diet-induced weight loss or exercise-induced weight loss in men: A randomized controlled trial. Ann. Intern. Med. 133:92-103, 2000 Ross, R., and I. Janssen. Is abdominal fat preferentially reduced in response to exercise-induced weight loss? Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 31: S568-S572, 1999. Ross, R., J.A. Freeman, and I. Janssen. Exercise alone is an effective strategy for reducing obesity and related comorbidities. Exerc. Sport Sci. Rev. 28: 165-170, 2000. Sopko, G., A. Leon, D. Jacobs, N. Foster, J. Moy, K. Kuba, J. Anderson, D. Casal, C. McNally, and I. Frantz. The effects of exercise and weight loss and plasma lipids in young obese men. Metabolism. 34:227-236, 1985.

Coral Reefs Essay -- Ecology Environment Environmental Essays

Coral Reefs   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Coral reefs are one of the oldest types of living systems on earth, and certainly one of the most spectacular (Goreau, 1987). They are massive underwater structures formed by the limestone skeletons of tiny invertebrate animals. Reefs house a greater diversity of body forms, chemistry, and animal phyla (thirty-two compared to the eight that inhabit the most biodiversity ecosystems on land). Phyla comprise the second largest category of living things, after kingdoms.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Coral animals begin life as free-floating larvae, but settle on the sea floor in sedentary colonies. The term "coral" applies both to these animals and to their skeletons, particularly the skeletons of stone-like corals (Discover 1997).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Many different organisms, including mollusks, sponges, and worms, help shape reefs, but hard corals and various algae are the major architects. In effect, the corals build limestone, because their skeletons are made of Calcium Carbonate. The skeletons deposited by these corals and other organisms accumulate, along with sand and other debris, to form the backbone of the reef. Over tens of thousands of years, chemical and mechanical changes turn the reef into true rock (Alstyne and Paul, 1988).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The body of a coral animal consists of a polyp, which is the living portion of the coral. A polyp is a hollow, cylindrical structure attached at one end to a surface, the other end is a mouth surrounded by tentacles, which gather food and can sting prey to paralyze it. Polyps live in colonies, which grow from 1 to 7 inches, depending on the species. Coral polyps are classified as animals. Microscopic algae live within the animal tissues in a symbiotic relationship. The algae turn sunlight into carbon and sugars, which are then available to the polyp. In turn the polyp filters particles out of the water and excretes waste (nitrogen and phosphorus) that becomes available to the symbiotic algae. It's this very tight nutrient recycling within the coral itself that allows these corals to live in very low nutrient waters.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There are three kinds of reefs: atolls, barrier reefs, and fringing reefs. Atolls are formed out in the middle of the ocean by volcanic subsidence, while fringing and barrier reefs form near continents. Florida contains both of these kinds of reefs, not as far offshore as Australia's Great Barrier Reef, b... ...al life. Another way that corral growth is controlled is by the weather. All of these are natural occurrences. This should not be confused with human use and disruption which does major harm.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The fourth and final principle of sustainability is that biodiversity must be maintained. This is where we are playing a devastating role to the survival to the reefs. Through human waste and consumption time will only tell if they will survive. I hope that by reading this paper someday we can make a difference. Works Cited: â€Å"Coral Color.† November 1997. Discover Magazine-Current Clips. P10 Cousteau, J. Y. 1985. The Ocean World. Harry N. Abrams, Inc., New York, NY, pp. 174-175. Goreau, Thomas. August 1987. â€Å"Coral and Coral Parks.† Scientific American. V113:34-36 Luoma, Jon R. Nov. 1996. â€Å"Reef Madness† Audubon. V98: n6. P24(3). Richmond, R. H. 1993. â€Å"Coral Reefs: Present problems and Future Concerns Resulting form Anthropogenic Disturbance.† American Zoologist. V33: P524-536. Van Alstyne, K. L. and V. J. Paul. 1988. â€Å"The Role of Secondary Metabolites in Marine Ecological Interactions.† Proceedings of the 6th International Coral Reef Symposium, Australia, Vol. 1.

Coca Cola Company Case Study

Date: 22/10/2012 The Coca-Cola Company is a multinational business organisation founded in the late 1890’s in Georgia, USA. Its main focus is selling soft drinks and is especially famous for its first soft drink, after which is named, Coca-Cola. The first product was patented in 1887 and registered as a trademark in 1893. By 1895 it was sold in the whole USA and since then has been expanding around the world (The Coca-Cola Company, Product Descriptions). Throughout its history it has been subject to a lot of criticism for its various practices and has enjoyed incredible success.The organisations main strength it’s the fact that it is the most recognised product worldwide. Part of that recognition can be attributed to the fact that The Coca-Cola Company localizes its products and advertising campaigns, which has been highly successful. Coca-Cola has been credited with forming the modern image of Father Christmas as a jolly, old bearded man, dressed in red. (Coca-Cola at home) The main goal of all the campaigns has been that people choose the soft drink as their favoured beverage, a mission that has been greatly accomplished in many areas.Another advantage of the company is that it also has different headquarters in each country, giving it the ability to dictate all campaigns and give ideas on products. (The Times, Creating an effective organisational structure, Page 2:Â  A global and local strategy). Also the company is always trying to expand its range of products, focusing on beverages, but not only soft drinks as it sells juice, water, energy drinks and squashes as well. (The Times, Creating an effective organisational structure, Page 4:Â  The corporate segment -Head Office).Coca-Cola is normally associated with the United States of America, mainly because of its patriotic advertisements that were then exported to other countries. It has a dominant role in modern popular culture, with mass media references and even films containing the company ’s name in the title. Coca-Cola has such an effect on culture, that it is sometimes considered a sign that someone is richer or higher class if they drink more Coca-Cola than others.The company has proven very popular, despite the facts that most of the company’s products are unhealthy. Coca-Cola’s main ingredient is sugar. As a lot of the marketing is aimed at young people, the fact that products are unhealthy has sparked a bit of controversy, seeing as there is a lot of aggressive marketing towards young people. This is usually in the form of sponsorships to high school in the form of sports facilities or funds. In return the company is allowed to sell its products in the schools, thus attracting people from an early age.Also there are accusations of children working for the company in sweat shops and not giving adequate healthcare, whilst not complying to workers right and destroying trade unions through rough ways (The Globalization of Coca-Cola) One of Coca -colas main external features that keep it favoured is that it maintains a very good relationship with its bottlers. In contradiction to common knowledge, it is not the company that actually bottles and distributes its products. Instead they only make the basic syrup and ingredients in concentrate and then sell them to bottlers and from there they end up with distributors..This is a example of how the business adhere to its ‘culture’ as it tries to promote teamwork, by allying itself with other companies. (The Times, Creating an effective organisational structure, Page 5:Â  Structure and culture). This is helpful in many ways as it creates good connections with many businesses, making the Coca-Cola products much more sought after and popular with vendors, shops, supermarkets. There are some external problems though. After endorsing Israel, the company lost its popularity in the Middle East and was heavily boycotted. This gave competitors a chance to swoop in and they a re now dominating those markets.Also, another problem with the company is that its products, however big role they play in popular culture, aren't considered essential. So if a country’s economy is weak, it is inevitable that the beverages market is going to fall quite steeply. Another factor is that there are many cheap substitutes for their products, which, while not international, can prove to be strong competition in local markets, as many of them promote the fact that they are local, while Coca-Cola retains its American image and the majority of them are cheaper. REFERENCES * Coca-Cola at home, http://xroads. virginia. du/~CLASS/coke/coke1. html, retrieved on 21/10/2012 at 19:00 * The Coca-Cola Company, Product Descriptions, http://www. virtualvender. coca-cola. com/ft/index. jsp, retrieved on 21/10/2012 at 18:10 * The Globalization of Coca-Cola, https://segue. atlas. uiuc. edu/index. php? action=site;site=estensl2;section=4052;page=13292, retrieved on 21/10/2012 at 19:0 5 * The Times, Creating an effective organisational structure, Page 2:Â  A global and local strategy, http://businesscasestudies. co. uk/coca-cola-great-britain/creating-an-effective-organisational-structure/a-global-and-local-strategy. tml, retrieved on 21/10/2012 at 19:10 * The Times, Creating an effective organisational structure, Page 4:Â  The corporate segment -Head Office, http://businesscasestudies. co. uk/coca-cola-great-britain/creating-an-effective-organisational-structure/the-corporate-segment-head-office. html, retrieved on 21/10/2012 at 19:13 * The Times, Creating an effective organisational structure, Page 5:Â  Structure and culture, http://businesscasestudies. co. uk/coca-cola-great-britain/creating-an-effective-organisational-structure/structure-and-culture. html, retrieved on 21/10/2012 at 19:15

Columbus first voyage, 1493 Free Essay Example, 1000 words

Another island discovered by Columbus was Hispana (Columbus 2). Hispana was an island with fertile soils that rendered it valuable for exploration of wealth. In addition, Hispana had valuable gold and metals including iron. Columbus requested for ships from Lord Gabriel Sanchis to engage in further discovery in the sea and explore the full potential of the benefits of trading in the valuable minerals. His request for funding initiated the era of discovery that culminated to trade among European countries. It was victory to the world to discover the islands and their economic potential for trade. Columbus sent a letter to Luis De Santangel to express the victory achieved during the first voyage that explored the Indies. In the letter, Columbus illustrated the discovery of extensive islands, one of which he named San Salvador (Columbus and Felipe 104). Letter to Luis De Santangel was among the great leaders who advanced the contribution to support the voyage mission. Columbus, through the letter, intended to negotiate for funding to undertake other voyages. Addressing Luis De Santangel was a strategy by Columbus to prompt the need to enhance trade. We will write a custom essay sample on Columbus first voyage, 1493 or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now He shared the discovery of valuable minerals that demanded further exploration. This increased efforts to engage in trade and demarcation of boundaries. Columbus noted the fertile lands of Juana to warrant extensive discovery. Essentially, the letter represented expression of interest to engage in trade. It, therefore, is useful for the research on the first journey that marked the beginning of discoveries (Ayers 20). According to Berne, Columbus was discovered a new continent that he named Otro Mundo, meaning â€Å"another world† (Berne 102). The discovery affirmed his conviction that he was nearing the coast of Indies. Columbus’ discovery initiated Vasco de Gama to embark on similar missions. Vasco de Gama had sailed south the Horn of Africa and had reached the shores of India (Berne 103). Columbus explored an extensive land mass in the Indies. He claimed to discover the Garden of Eden. In his journey, some of the colonists rebelled against the leadership of the Columbus. In his first voyage, Columbus embarked on a pursuit of search for a western strait on the Indies (Berne 110). Columbus experiences a series of problems as he navigates across Atlantic. On his return to Spain, he spends his final years working on a book of privileges. Other explorers followed his we stward routes and found the civilization that existed there.

Erikson s Crisis Theory And Marcia s Four Stages Of...

Abstract In this essay, Erikson Identity Crisis theory and Marcia’s four stages of Identity Statuses demonstrates how adolescences analyze and make decisions about one’s identity. Many adolescences struggle with decisions about where they fit in. Also, in this essay I will explain how you know you are LGBTQIA and I will discuss why so many adolescence of LGBTQIA have a hard time fitting in with society. The intent of this essay is to discuss the problems of LGBTQIA adolescences and why the impact of LGBTQIA is mainly in adolescent ages and the discrimination based on sexual orientation gender identity. Adolescence is a dynamically evolving theoretical construct informed through physiologic, psychosocial, temporal, and cultural lenses. The most readily recognized hallmark of adolescence is the pubertal metamorphosis or chest rating the visible transformation of a â€Å"child† into an â€Å"adult. Development occurs both within the individual and through interactions with the environment. At the stage of adolescences, it’s hard for teenagers to figure out their sexual identity because girls menstruate cycle begins, the level of adult hormones increases, the pubic hairs begin to grow, development of sex interest increase, and one begins to wonder who they really are. The process of accepting one’s sexual orientation is particularly difficult for adolescents who identify as LGBTQIA and face that is not necessarily accepting of anything outside traditional expectation ofShow MoreRelatedComparing Erikson and Marcias Psychosocial Theory of Identity and Tajfels Social Identity Theory1766 Words   |  7 PagesEriksons and Marcias Psycho-social theory of Identity and Tajfels Social Identity theory Introduction of theorists: Erikson: Eriksons description of the eight stages of life has a lot of appeal, and Erikson himself was described in the early 1980s as the fifth most influential psychologist of the century (Gilgen, 1982). 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Research on adolescent reproductive health and programmes are fairly new in subSaharan Africa and a majority of them are less than twenty years old (ProgrammeRead MoreOld Yeller16951 Words   |  68 Pagesanger towards Old Yeller when he first shows up on the farm is represenative of his father leaving; in other words, without a protective attachment figure and feeling like he must live up to being â€Å"the man of the house†, by stepping into his father s shoes. This is further fueled by all the perils the family must endure such as his mother being required to save Travis from a charging bull, when Arliss is almost killed by an angry mother bear, and when his mother and Lisbeth, the neighbor girl, are

Introduction to Human Resource Management - 12080 Words

Human Resource Management, 12e (Dessler) Chapter 1 Introduction to Human Resource Management 1) The basic functions of the management process include all of the following EXCEPT ________. A) planning B) organizing C) outsourcing D) leading E) staffing Answer: C Explanation: The five basic functions of the management process include planning, organizing, staffing, leading, and controlling. Outsourcing jobs may be an aspect of human resources, but it is not one of the primary management functions. Diff: 1 Page Ref: 4 Chapter: 1 Objective: 1 Skill: Concept 2) Which of the following is the person responsible for accomplishing an organization s goals by planning, organizing, staffing, leading, and controlling personnel? A) manager B)†¦show more content†¦Corrective action is then taken when necessary. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 4 Chapter: 1 Objective: 1 Skill: Concept 8) Which function of the management process includes selecting employees, setting performance standards, and compensating employees? A) leading B) organizing C) planning D) motivating E) staffing Answer: E Explanation: The staffing function of the management process is also known as the human resource management function. The staffing function addresses the process of acquiring, training, appraising, and compensating employees, as well as addressing issues of labor relations, worker safety, and fairness. Diff: 1 Page Ref: 4 Chapter: 1 Objective: 1 Skill: Concept 4 Copyright  © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 9) Which basic function of management includes setting standards such as sales quotas and quality standards? A) planning B) organizing C) controlling D) leading E) staffing Answer: C Explanation: The controlling function involves setting standards such as sales quotas and production levels. Comparing actual performance with the standards is also an aspect of the controlling function. 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Infection Control in Health Care World Health Organization

Question: Discuss about the Infection Control in Health Care forWorld Health Organization. Answer: Introduction: Health care has advanced considerably from what it used to be in the last century, even the last6 decade. There have been innumerable technological advances that have taken the entire world by surprise. Improvisations have been made in treatment planning, drug policies, care standards, prognosis and even in the documentation. And all thes4e additions have elevated the health care standards to a whole another level. Infection control policies are a part of the revolutionary amendments in the field of health care (Tngdn and Giske 2015). Studies suggest that in most cases the health conditions of the patents get further complicated due to the infections they develop during their stay in the health care facility. Hence the health care authorities worldwide have taken efforts and measures to endure that the occurrence of infections can be avoided (World Health Organization 2014). This report will discuss the policies and practice regarding infection control in health care industry taking the aid o a hypothetical health care facility. Infection Control Practices: Infection control has become one of the most diligently used pursuits in the health care facility to ensure that the stay in the hospital for the patients is safe and comfortable. During the stay in the health care facilities there can be a number of infections that the patients can catch if adequate measures are not being taken to prevent it. The most frequent infections with most adverse of effects on the health and recovery potential of the patients in the respiratory tract infection, followed by the skin infections due to improper hygiene and cleaning in the health care facility. The patients also develop urinary infections in the stay and if proper infection control and hygienic care is not practices regularly elderly patients also develop infected pressure injuries as well (Rosenthal et al. 2014). Basic Principles of Infection Control: Although different local and government health care authorities have different sets if infection controls guidelines and regulations, the basic principles behind the control program remain the same. One of the most basic infection control practices used all across the globe in the hand hygiene. Followed by that the usage of personal protective equipments like gloves, gowns, masks are followed everywhere. The next most abundantly used infection control procedure is the injection safety guidelines which needs to very taken very seriously as the lack of it paves way for more serious fatal infections. Oral and respiratory hygiene practices are also quite basic in infection control. The last component of a sound infection control regime is the transmission based preventative measures that protect the patients from the contact infections and even airborne infections (Rosenthal et al. 2014). Importance of Infection Prevention: The importance of infection control in the clinical practices is profound, as the studies suggest, most of the clinical complications like VAP, airway infection, COPD, urinary infections, oral infection and pressure injuries are caused by flawed infection control in the health care facility. Infection control is the fifth public health priority according to the international patient safety goals and adhering to these guidelines not only just protects the patients but also protects the visitor and the health care professional coming into contact with them. Studies suggest that close to 40 % of the health care morbidities are due to the health care acquired infections, and it is imperative for the health care authorities to ensure that the patient seeking care do not get even more complication during their stay in the facilities that turns into fatal consequences for them (Munoz-Price and Quinn 2013). The Role of health Care Professionals: It has to be considered that the patients in the health care facility are under the care and responsibility of the health care professionals hence, it is their responsibility to ensure that they are safe and comfortable and attain recovery instead of more complications. The role of clinical practitioner to maintain the infection control guidelines is very crucial, adhering to activities like proper hand hygiene, PPE, transmission protection will ensure that the patient dose not develop any infection while they are being assisted by the physician during the treatment. But the most elemental role in infection control program is of the nursing professionals that are responsible for caring for the patient. They need to perform hand hygiene rigorously every time they come into contact with the patient and should also wear the protective gear. Moreover the nurse should perform oral and respiratory hygiene activities and make sure that the patients do not develop urinary infections. Lastly the nurse must ensure that the syringes are sterile and new every time the patient is injected and should take extra precautions to ensure no transmission based infection takes place (Iedema et al. 2015). Reflection of Infection Control: In my experience of management of patient with infection control there a number o measures to be taken and each of them has a unique importance to it. For example a patient with respiratory tract infection was assigned to me and I had to take care of him until his infection was back in control. First and foremost I had to ensure that I performed infection control religiously every time I came into contact with him. The microflora of our hands can be dangerous if are transmitted to the already immunologically weak patients dealing with infection all on their own. I had to use hand wash followed by rubbing alcohol and had to dry my hands before approaching the patient and after I was done. We had to perform airway suctioning to extract the mucous accumulated and clear the airway of the patient. The equipments were properly cleaned and sterilized with alcohol and antimicrobial agents prior and after every use. The oral care of the patient was also given much importance; I personally car ried out oral cleaning with agents like chlorehexin. It is very important to choose the right antimicrobial agents and medication for the patient, as not all antibiotics suit everyone. I also ensured that the health care professionals encountering the patient like the doctor, respiratory ward nurse and equipment care nurse, to follow the infection control guideline properly such as the hand hygiene, usage of PPE, environmental infections control (Iedema et al. 2015). Policies and their Importance: There are different hand hygiene policies that are being adapted in the health care facilities worldwide and each one o them have their own importance. Hand Hygiene Policy: Studies suggest that almost more than 50 % of the infectious micro flora that have the potential to cause infections reside on our hands. Microbes are ubiquitous and everything we touch in our everyday activities can be the breeding ground for microbes. Hence it is extremely important to perform hand hygiene with a mild antimicrobial hand wash to ensure that the microbes on our hands do not transmit to the patient who already has impaired immunity due to the health condition he or she is suffering with (De Angelis et al. 2014). Needle-Stick Injury: This injury is considered to be one of the most prevalent casue of transmission based infections and the guidelines for this injury is to clean the wound with plain water, sterilize it with alcohol or any other antimicrobial agent and cover it to ensure it is not exposed to airborne microflora. In health care this injury is very common due to the abundant usage of hypodermic syringes and the health care professionals must follow this policy and dispose of the needles after first use diligently (De Angelis et al. 2014). Decontamination Policy: The health care equipments are also breeding ground for microbes and should be cleaned frequently and periodically with sterilizing agents to ensure that the patient do not get infected due to coming into contact with contaminated equipments (Cheng et al. 2015). Uniform Policy Staff Contribution: The uniform policy of the health care facility enables the health care professionals to take heed of the usage of personal protective equipments like gloves, or protective clothing, eye gear, face masks, and caps. This policy will be elemental in protecting both the patients and the professionals caring for them, ad adhering to this policy along with the rest of the policies will be a significant contribution from the health care staff to ensure safe and better care for patients (Berend et al. 2013). Conclusion: On a concluding note it can be said that there are a thousand different scenarios in the health care sector where a patent can get infected during their stay in the hospital however, there are different measures and policies in the health care scenario that have improved the statistics for infection control in the health care facilities. In my work experience in the lifeline health care facility I have accumulated a wealth of knowledge and have adapted the way to like my theoretical knowledge with practical applications when dealing with patients. and from the experience that I have gained I would like to mention that hand hygiene is the first and most potent method for preventing infection in the health care facility along with maintaining respiratory, oral and personal hygiene of the patients, which also helps in minimizing the chance of infection significantly. References: Berend, K.R., Lombardi, A.V., Morris, M.J., Bergeson, A.G., Adams, J.B. and Sneller, M.A., 2013. 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